Reflection Principles

Radio waves are reflected at wave cutoffs (n = 0)
In a cold, magnetized plasma
- Ordinary (O-mode): Wave frequency = f_p
- Extraordinary (X-mode): Wave frequency = f_g/2 + sqrt[(f_g/2)² + f_p²]
Echo from reflections perpendicular to density contours

Echo

Refracted rays

n=0

n>0

n<0

Radio waves are reflected at wave cutoffs (n = 0)