PPT Slide

ISIS Topside Ionogram

showing Plasma Resonance Modes

f_N = O-mode Plasma Resonance

f_H = Gyro Resonance

f_T = Upper Hybrid Resonance

f_X = X-mode Plasma Resonance

f_Z = Z-mode Plasma Resonance

Plasma resonance frequencies provide In-situ Ne and Magnetic Field Intensity

Remote echoes provide vertical Ne profiles

Topside Sounding - 1971